Nephrology and Urology – Set 2

What this deck covers

Nephrology and Urology – Set 2 in 50 board-style clinical cases with worked explanations. Each case gives you a clinical vignette, four options, the correct answer, and an explanation of why each of the other three is wrong, with the guideline or textbook it follows named on the answer.

Board-style teaching questions for paediatricians and trainees preparing for paediatric board, MRCPCH and licensing examinations. Written from published guidelines and standard paediatric textbooks, with the source named on every answer.

The 50 cases, in order

1. Thin infant, fast deep breathing
2. Thirsty teenager on a mood stabiliser
3. Dating a newly found failure
4. Almost dry nappies after diarrhoea
5. Inherited polyuria in a toddler
6. Aching knees in a pale, short boy
7. Pale, short girl who drinks all day
8. Why a young baby dries out fast
9. Bowed legs and a constant thirst
10. A heartburn remedy on dialysis
11. Dwindling output after bypass
12. A baby’s result on an adult scale
13. Tingling hands and heavy legs
14. Check-up after a relieved blockage
15. One low result on a growth check
16. A sodium sum after gastroenteritis
17. Schoolboy with high blood pressure
18. Where the acid handling breaks down
19. Kidney failure in a child of cousins
20. Waddling girl who avoids the stairs
21. Rigors an hour into dialysis
22. Reading a water deprivation test
23. First injection, peaked T waves
24. Floppy boy after cataract surgery
25. Polyuria when lithium must go on
26. A tablet that would do harm
27. Dark urine in a dry schoolboy
28. Gritty urine and bright pyramids
29. Sweet urine, normal blood sugar
30. No urine and four drugs already given
31. One tablet for pressure and potassium
32. Height, creatinine and a formula
33. An acid urine in a tubular acidosis
34. Vomiting, itching and a new rub
35. Tired and pale on the waiting list
36. Floppy baby with hard stools
37. One more organ to check
38. Hand spasm after an infusion
39. Night drinking on full treatment
40. A gland working eight times too hard
41. What every tubular acidosis shares
42. Anuric newborn after a hard delivery
43. Low urine output after long surgery
44. Aching hips in a girl with dysplasia
45. The result that names the type
46. Toddler falling down the centiles
47. Reflux scars and one raised result
48. Bowing legs despite a good diet
49. Treating a bicarbonate leak
50. Never dialysed, function now failing

Diagnoses and management options tested

Across the fifty cases you are asked to choose between options such as: Proximal (type 2) renal tubular acidosis, Obstruction to the outflow of urine, Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, Polyuria with intense thirst, Polyuria, cramps and paralytic ileus, 0.3%: prerenal injury, Autosomal recessive; the podocyte slit diaphragm, Urine stays dilute before and after desmopressin, Desmopressin, High calcium with low citrate, An aldosterone antagonist, Reaching category G5, by the GFR figure alone, Wood’s light examination of the skin, An autonomous parathyroid adenoma.

Clinical pearls from this deck

• Acid blood, alkaline urine, low potassium: think distal RTA.
• Polyuria on lithium: measure plasma and urine osmolality together.
• Kidney size on ultrasound dates the failure.
• A kidney that still saves salt is underperfused, not broken.
• A diuretic that reduces urine: the thiazide paradox.
• Rickets with a high phosphate is kidney disease until proved otherwise.

Work through the deck once for recognition, then again a week later to test yourself — each question gives the answer and explains why every other option fails.

More from this system: all nephrology and urology case decks · pediatric reference values.